China & Chinese gardens are    "  miniature landscapes.  "

In themselves, they are; and within them, they are, also........

• artificial mountains, within their walls.

• rock plantings, in garden courtyards.

• framed & leak windows, diminishing views of gardens & courtyards.

• Sudan [ stump ] or tree penjing, displayed in gardens & courtyards.

                     vegetative scale

• Shadan [ rock ] or other landscape penjing, displayed in courtyards.

• Shadan [ rock ] penjing, displayed inside garden pavilions.

                      distant landscape scale

• landscape paintings, displayed inside garden pavilions.

                      yet, another diminishing perspective